tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71762250332458564632024-02-07T17:59:13.170-08:00Anthropology of TaiwanAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-78810088051121299922014-03-23T08:37:00.000-07:002014-03-23T08:49:36.097-07:00Writing Indigeneity in Taiwan<br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic7L6Gx9aCNfzw7LkzkJ3KTVdkUDa2lrkn7BZTKHsULR_SXUrzshQLtx9UdiYquOiN1-PKUA8u8Wu0AOZiY_RWM1JXjQ-nsRmLaBIIAjTauIkS6EQWl2MUiFEMuD7c-NHBWmv6ZGhP-FyW/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic7L6Gx9aCNfzw7LkzkJ3KTVdkUDa2lrkn7BZTKHsULR_SXUrzshQLtx9UdiYquOiN1-PKUA8u8Wu0AOZiY_RWM1JXjQ-nsRmLaBIIAjTauIkS6EQWl2MUiFEMuD7c-NHBWmv6ZGhP-FyW/s1600/index.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Ever since Clifford
and Marcus (1986), anthropologists have been aware of the political
implications of their craft; and these concerns have reverberated through
Taiwan Studies (Shih, Thompson, and Tremlett 2008). Writing about indigenous
peoples has potentially important political repercussions, as Clifford recognized
in writing about the issue of <a href="http://www.uchastings.edu/academics/faculty/facultybios/bisharat/classwebsite/docs/Clifford.pdf">Mashpee
identity</a> in the United States. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ku
Kun-hui (2005) documented the early political demands of Taiwan’s indigenous
rights movement, especially the right to be referred to as “aboriginal peoples”
or “indigenous peoples” rather than as “mountain compatriots.” Indigenous
leaders also demanded creation of the Council of Indigenous Peoples, refusing
to be subordinated in a Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission reorganized
into a Minority Commission. This is a crucial issue from a legal viewpoint. Due
to their colonial situation, indigenous peoples have inherent rights,
especially to land and sovereignty, that are not shared by ethnic minorities. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
have been emotionally-laden debates about whether the terms “Aboriginal” and “Indigenous”
should be capitalized. This is a non-issue in Chinese, as characters (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原住民族</span><span lang="EN-US">) have no letters to capitalize. In English The general argument for
capitalization is that “Aboriginal” and “Indigenous” are the names of ethnic
groups and should be capitalized, as are “English” and “French.” Mohawk
political philosopher Taiaiake Alfred, however, questions such assumptions,
even arguing that the word “Aboriginal” is a form of assimilation to colonial
power. He prefers to use the names of the peoples themselves, which in his case
would be Onkwehonwe (Alfred 2009: 23). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taiwan,
with over half a million indigenous people (more than 2% of the total
population), is a fascinating non-western case of indigeneity. Like Canada, the
state-indigenous relationship lies at the crux of the issue, as indigenous
peoples live in an ongoing colonial situation. Ku (2005) argues that indigenous
political leaders were able to capitalize upon the desire of some politicians
to affirm a non-Chinese identity for their country, hence gaining visibility
and power for indigenous peoples. For her part, Yang Shu-yuan (2005) shows how
the Bunun interact with the state, exercising sovereignty by cultivating a
reputation of docility and cooperativeness. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An
exploration of state-indigenous relations shows that words like “aboriginal”
and “indigenous” are state-centric categories used in the control of
populations. These words – unlike Mashpee, Onkwehonwe, or Bunun – subordinate people
with their own identities and histories to the logic of governmentality. If one
recognizes that these words are state categories like “citizen” (which in
Canada includes French, English, and Onkwehonwe) or “immigrant” (which may
include French, English, Chinese, etc.), it is difficult to justify
capitalizing them. If anything, the practices of capitalizing reifies state
categories. Making it appear as if Indigenous is an ethnic group like the
English and the French may appear to promote equality, but it renders invisible
the inherent rights of indigenous peoples, who best assert effective sovereignty
through space-based identities of Mashpee, Onkwehonwe, Bunun, etc. If
anthropology is to contribute to decolonization, it must begin with
decolonization of the mind, and that begins with careful writing. </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">References</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Alfred, Taiaiake. 2009. <i>Was</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">á</span><span lang="EN-US">se:
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-88214402737449284802014-03-16T07:25:00.000-07:002014-03-16T07:25:36.756-07:00What is Law? Legal Pluralism in Taiwan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl8W_LF7HuY0obRyN6onyrNVf9knDJewnQdvYF0S4ynm9XrU8_oHmEbYg8Z4cNfVtMHKm0v9CZApo_YeZqy7ljYJP4IowW29O8zGemoANbHW20YJsST9-n4owLpBx93V0CLmfxeStWSeC2/s1600/97111112.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl8W_LF7HuY0obRyN6onyrNVf9knDJewnQdvYF0S4ynm9XrU8_oHmEbYg8Z4cNfVtMHKm0v9CZApo_YeZqy7ljYJP4IowW29O8zGemoANbHW20YJsST9-n4owLpBx93V0CLmfxeStWSeC2/s1600/97111112.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indigenous hunters demanding recognition of their right to hunt (Image source: http://web.pts.org.tw/titv/mealc/main.php?Channel=titv&XMAENO=1252&XMBENO=3769)</td></tr>
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side of things is not a bounded set of norms, rules, principles, values, or
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Law is often perceived as part of the bureaucratic
rationality of modernity. It is assumed that, in developed societies, legislatures
draft laws, police officers enforce them, and courts ensure they are applied
fairly. The idea is that law begins and ends with the state. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anthropologists, especially in the field
of legal pluralism, have long challenged these assumptions. They demonstrate
how social actors have never based their actions solely on state law, but
rather selectively to a range of authorities, including elders, religious
leaders, even animals or spiritual forces. In our globalizing world, people “imagine
the real” by reference to a diversity of international legal principles and
national laws, as well as local customs. This is especially visible on the frontlines,
when police and conservation officers have to deal with local people who
imagine the real in very different ways from state lawmakers. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research in Taiwan illustrates the
pluralistic nature of law. Jeffrey Martin (2007) explores how policeman
negotiate between law (<i>fa</i>, </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">), sentiment
(<i>qing</i>, </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">情</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">), and reason (<i>li</i>, </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">) as they are called upon to enforce, for
example, laws against restaurants expanding their serving areas well out onto
public sidewalks. They experience the quandary of whether law should manage
sentiment (“rule of law” – often associated with western modernity), or if
sentiment should manage law (“rule of man” – often associated with Chinese
tradition). As Martin says, “where law sees sentiment as partiality, sentiment
sees law as partiality” (2007: 685). In popular nationalism, Taiwanese are
often quite proud that their society is dominated by compassion (<i>renqingwei</i>,
</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">人情味</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">) rather than cold-hearted
enforcement of law. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indigenous peoples are acutely aware of
potential conflict between customary law and state law, demanding formal state
recognition of legal pluralism as a recognition of inherent sovereignty. The
Rukai people of Taiwan have local law called <i>Dualixia</i>. Traditional legal
values include the sacred nature of nobles and chiefs, the payment of tribute
to them for land use, the necessity of hunting for maintaining social
relations, and the jungle as a spiritual place where ancestral spirits and
oracle birds also have their place in law. These customs have been challenged by
private property regimes, intensive agriculture, and state law. Portnoy and Awi
argue that many Taiwanese laws, especially the Forest Law, Wildlife
Conservation Law and Indigenous Peoples Basic Law, are based on western
ontologies including a nature-society dichotomy (2012: 44). They hope
recognition of indigenous legal institutions can promote indigenous autonomy
and ecological sustainability. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Legal pluralism and the existence of “informal”
non-state legal institutions often get overlooked in the promotion of “rule-of-law,”
(Janse 2013), not to mention in implementation of international laws regarding,
for example, environmental conservation or human rights. Yet, even democratic
Taiwan, the paradigmatic Chinese example of rule-of-law, is intimately shaped
by an interaction of pluralistic legal values. Indigenous people show that this
need not be a source of conflict or obstacle to development. Recognition of
legal pluralism can also provide inspiration, and may contribute to a better
world for all. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Note: The
current issue of the <i>Erasmus Law Review</i> is dedicated to legal pluralism, and is
available <a href="http://www.erasmuslawreview.nl/current_issue">free on-line</a>.
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Geertz,
Clifford. 1983. <i>Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology</i>.
New York: Basic Books. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Janse, Ronald.
2013. “A Turn to Legal Pluralism in Rule-of-Law Promotion?” <i>Erasmus Law
Review</i> 6 (3/4): 181-190. [http://www.erasmuslawreview.nl/files/ELR_2013_03_005.pdf,
accessed March 16, 2014]. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Martin,
Jeffrey. 2007. “A Reasonable Balance of Law and Sentiment: Social Order in
Democratic Taiwan from the Policeman’s Point of View.” </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">Law & Society Review</span></i><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> 41 (3): 665-697. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">Portnoy, Caleb and Awi
Mona. 2012. “Laws of the Jungle: Conflicts Between International-National
Environmental Law and Taromak Rukai-Environment Relations.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taiwan Journal of Anthropology</i> 10 (1):
21-50. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-69055547496932645002014-03-09T08:37:00.000-07:002014-03-09T08:37:08.911-07:00Gods, Ghosts, and Governors : Embodying Religion and the State in the Contemporary ROC<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkYAXb8wu6_YQ6WJGH_-yBafAdEkEd64vvq4rwNU8mMrS0LvZpYd9foIqQ8JI5cymNAlGMh7BmAhyphenhyphenPKJTJzejcHXwFN-FCuMwFtmo6apDayziAyb4gRvUYvMoUKSFVFBRCHFjLGngsoa9_/s1600/1374173780-3425166768.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkYAXb8wu6_YQ6WJGH_-yBafAdEkEd64vvq4rwNU8mMrS0LvZpYd9foIqQ8JI5cymNAlGMh7BmAhyphenhyphenPKJTJzejcHXwFN-FCuMwFtmo6apDayziAyb4gRvUYvMoUKSFVFBRCHFjLGngsoa9_/s1600/1374173780-3425166768.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Medium in Taiwan (source: http://duncanyui.pixnet.net/blog/post/97679819-%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%8B%E3%80%81%E6%AD%A1%E5%96%9C%E5%8B%95%E5%9C%9F%28%E4%B8%8B%29) </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Observers of Chinese religion have long
been enchanted by the endurance of Chinese imperial symbolism, even though
imperial China was usurped by Japanese modernity and then by republican
democracy on Taiwan, as well as by a communist regime on the Mainland (Ahern, 1973,
Feuchtwang 1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">More recent studies bring contemporary states into
the temple. Chi Chang-hui (2009) explores “heteroglossia” on Jinmen, as the
Nationalist state tries to encourage worship of drowned virgin as a deity, but
local people treat her as a ghost. Tsai Yi-jia (2004) examines a Medium’s
Association in the context of Cross-straits <i>rapprochement</i>, as socially
marginalized mediums organize within the framework of modern professionalism.
Stephan Feuchtwang (2003) studies temples and festivals as civic institutions
with democratic elements. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Institutions are the key to understanding these
situations. On Jinmen, the Ministry of Defence established a temple to Wang Yulan
in an attempt to augment official nationalism, but built it outside the
territorial limits of established religious institutions, thus reinforcing
local perceptions of her as a ghost (Chi 2009). On Taiwan, mediums felt
compelled to establish a professional association and refer to Chinese political
icons to justify their activities (Tsai 2004). And on both sides of the
Straits, religious actors assert local sovereignty through religious
institutions, even as they are treated as mere representatives of “local
culture” by intellectuals and politicians. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">These approaches make it clear that religious
institutions are not repositories of tradition, but arenas for the actions of
embodied individuals. As Wolf said, whether a spirit is a ghost, ancestor or
god depends on the point of view of the worshipper (Wolf 1974: 146). If we
study religious institutions as part of lived environments, they can be well understood
through a dwelling perspective that “treats the immersion of the
organism-person in an environment or lifeworld as an inescapable condition of
existence” (Ingold 2000: 153). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Difference in cognitive experience explains why
ROC state officials can hope to install Wang Yulan as a goddess, whereas
villagers perceive her as a ghost. For officials who arrive on Jinmen by plane
or boat, Wang Yulan appears to be on the <i>inside</i> of Jinmen. For villagers
who cross the habitual limits of temple processions to visit her shrine, she is
clearly on the <i>outside</i> and thus a ghost. The mediums, by channeling Sun
Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Mao Zedong, assert a meaningful place in their
contemporary political environment. They strongly favour a Taiwanese perspective
when they treat deceased Mainlander veterans as hungry ghosts (Tsai 2004: 68), marking
Mainlanders as eternal outsiders. Temples create zones of autonomous space,
their sovereignty reinforced when politicians and other outsiders must politely
request permission to enter. These studies demonstrate that religion is not the
embodiment of abstract culture, but rather the ongoing action of conscious
beings in space and time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If anthropology is to become an ethology
of the human species rather than a study of superorganic cultures based on
assumptions of a nature-culture divide, a combination of an institutional approach
with a dwelling approach is extremely useful. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">See Youtube for some great videos by Fabian Graham on <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/fabian215963?feature=mhee" target="_blank">Taiwanese popular religion. </a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahern, Emily. 1973. <i>The
Cult of the Dead in a Chinese Village</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Chi, Chang-hui.
2009. “The Death of a Virgin: the Cult of Wang Yulan and Nationalism in Jinmen,
Taiwan.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anthropological Quarterly</i> 82
(3): 669-690. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Feuchtwang, Stephan.
1992. <i>The Imperial Metaphor</i>. London: Routledge. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">______. 2003. “Peasants,
Democracy and Anthropology: Questions of Local Loyalty.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Critique of Anthropology</i> 23 (1): 93-120. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ingold, Tim. 2000.<i>
The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill</i>.
London: Routledge. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tsai, Yi-jia. 2004. “The Writing of
History: The Religious Practices of the Medium’s Association in Taiwan.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taiwan Journal of Anthropology</i> 2 (2):
43-80. Available on line at: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.ioe.sinica.edu.tw/Content/Periodicals/content.aspx?&SiteID=530164240637641451&MenuID=530167100636226027&SSize=10&Fid=0&MSID=530205535200537247"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">http://www.ioe.sinica.edu.tw/Content/Periodicals/content.aspx?&SiteID=530164240637641451&MenuID=530167100636226027&SSize=10&Fid=0&MSID=530205535200537247</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, last accessed November 5, 2013. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wolf, Arthur. 1974. “Gods, Ghosts, and
Ancestors.” In Arthur Wolf (ed.). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Religion
and Ritual in Chinese Society</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp.
131-182. </span></div>
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<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-55961799958811510062014-02-23T09:00:00.000-08:002014-02-23T09:00:21.859-08:00Contested Nationalisms on Taiwan<br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"In
an anthropological spirit, then, I propose the following definition of the
nation: it is an imagined political community - - and imagined as both
inherently limited and sovereign.” Benedict Anderson,<i> Imagined Communities:
Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhclR-fYodnKumr-DDLtySdRPAShVNqwtWk3UetXISLOQ0g2uUY_fo2sKNobwjn4R23gPULtn8An9H5v22VwtT1nzaWRT58KbjBlAUlRkGQLwXOEF0A-kXY4Xev0yQtD3ppEAQKtlEhkLDc/s1600/133125775_13927712641401n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhclR-fYodnKumr-DDLtySdRPAShVNqwtWk3UetXISLOQ0g2uUY_fo2sKNobwjn4R23gPULtn8An9H5v22VwtT1nzaWRT58KbjBlAUlRkGQLwXOEF0A-kXY4Xev0yQtD3ppEAQKtlEhkLDc/s1600/133125775_13927712641401n.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo source: Xinhua News Agency (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2014-02/19/c_133125775.htm)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Benedict
Anderson, leading authority on <a href="http://www.nationalismproject.org/what/anderson.htm">nationalism</a>, delivered
his lecture “<a href="http://newleftreview.org/II/9/benedict-anderson-western-nationalism-and-eastern-nationalism">Western
Nationalism and Eastern Nationalism</a>” in Taipei in April 2000, barely one
month after Taiwanese nationalist Chen Shui-bian won the Presidency with 39.3%
of the votes in Taiwan’s second direct presidential election. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Arguing
that there are no important distinctions between nationalisms along East-West
lines, he offered a new typology. <b>Creole nationalism</b> is pioneered by settlers
from the Old Country. They may share language, religion, etc., with the
metropole, but increasingly feel alienated from it and develop new identities
based on new history, demographic blending of settler and indigenous peoples, etc.,
perhaps moving toward independence if the metropole is distant or oppressive
(Anderson 2001: 33-34). <b>Official nationalism</b>, in response to popular
nationalisms, is a state attempt to impose unified national identity on diverse
subjects (Anderson 2001: 35). <b>Linguistic nationalism</b>, the type we know in
Québec, is based on the belief that each true nation is marked off by its own language
and culture (Anderson 2001: 40). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Melissa
Brown’s approach (2010), analyzing identities constructed in social experience
and distinct from ideological rhetoric, makes it possible to better understand Taiwan’s
nationalisms. Chen Shui-bian, to a certain extent, had ridden a wave of <b>Hokkien
linguistic nationalism</b>, a reality reflected in the fact that <i>all</i> political
candidates felt compelled to campaign in Hokkien (even if they sound as awkward
as Stephen Harper speaking French). Linguistic nationalism, which emerged from subordination
of Hokkien to the “new national language of Mandarin,” was part of Taiwan’s ethnic
conflict. It remains the Achille’s Heel of the Democratic Progressive Party, as
it alienates ethnic minorities (Mainlanders, Hakka and indigenous)
uncomfortable with Hokkien. <b>Official nationalisms</b> were experienced in
the Imperialisation (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">皇民化</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">) of the
Japanese period and the Sinicisation of the Republic of China. As Brown
observed, these ideologies were not convincing when they conflicted with real
discrimination in social life. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taiwan
seems to be moving toward <b>creole nationalism</b>, as Anderson suggested with
his anecdote about a student, born in Taiwan to parents who arrived with the
KMT in 1949, who reported “trying to be Taiwanese” (Anderson 2001: 33). This
may also explain the <a href="http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/english/modules/tinyd2/content/TaiwanChineseID.htm">rising
numbers of people</a> since 2008 who identify as Taiwanese and <i>not</i>
Chinese. It is not surprising that President Ma Ying-jeou had to affirm an
identity as “New Taiwanese” during electoral campaigns and felt compelled to honour
a “Taiwan spirit” in his <a href="http://english.president.gov.tw/Portals/4/images/PresidentOffice/AboutPresident/pdf/section1.pdf">first
inaugural address</a>. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The future is
uncertain, especially as a rising China “turning to <b>official nationalism</b>
for renewed legitimation of its rule” (Anderson 2001: 38) seeks to annex
Taiwan. History shows that alienation from the metropole can push creole
nationalism toward independence; and that official nationalism often falters. Brown
reminds us that governments can influence identities, “shifting claims by
reshaping social experience” (Brown 2010: 466). The challenge, for Beijing’s
leaders and counterparts on Taiwan, is to create a positive social experience <i>with
China</i> for Taiwan’s <a href="http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=112&anum=14141">elites
</a>and ordinary people. Only in circumstances of equality does renewed Chinese
nationalism on Taiwan stand a chance. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
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Eastern Nationalism.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Left Review</i>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-22390388488239697222014-02-08T09:09:00.000-08:002014-02-08T09:09:02.665-08:00Chinese Culture or Taiwanese Culture? An Epistemological Quandary in Anthropology<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPn0Q74wYvIOcRvYh-TaUHlM4F228X5VcDSkKAEctypxn8RESirZuqtK_xLAlSoW3pVzAOlCEH8F__sBZaQje5rjXnAEz7HxdmzY5T0RInM4d5v-N907fE723f-WEb1lKpcMq3Yp3OHSQX/s1600/20121005162608.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPn0Q74wYvIOcRvYh-TaUHlM4F228X5VcDSkKAEctypxn8RESirZuqtK_xLAlSoW3pVzAOlCEH8F__sBZaQje5rjXnAEz7HxdmzY5T0RInM4d5v-N907fE723f-WEb1lKpcMq3Yp3OHSQX/s1600/20121005162608.jpg" height="145" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image source: http://www.kmt.org.tw/page.aspx?id=54.</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There was much wailing and gnashing of
teeth in the 1990s, as post-colonial anthropologists vilified the history of the discipline
as handmaidens of colonialism. Taiwan was no exception. Hong and Murray accused American
anthropologists of colluding with ethnic domination, “looking through Taiwan to
see China” (Hong 1994, Murray and Hong 1994, Hong and Murray 2005). Chiu (1999)
similarly criticized Taiwan-based anthropologists for complicity in domination of indigenous peoples, although some anthropologists supported a
nascent indigenous rights movement. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Part of the problem is the assumption
that anthropologists study “culture,” hence the need to debate politics of
writing culture (Clifford and Marcus 1986). Hong mused, “Gatekeepers confronted
with our earlier writings had expressed discomfort that it was ‘political’ to
write ‘Taiwanese culture’…not recognizing that writing ‘Chinese culture’…is
also political” (Hong 1994: 7). Also unrecognized here is that the study of “culture”
– the mainstream “Boasian” approach in America – is only one intellectual
school among many. British social anthropologists have long argued that culture
is too vague of an abstraction to be of scientific use (Radcliffe-Brown 1940:
2). One problem, exemplified in the Taiwan debate, is that cultural boundaries
are arbitrary. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An alternative is to write dispassionately
about nationalism, as has Charles Stafford. It is no coincidence that Stafford
studied with <a href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/anthropology/people/bloch.aspx">Maurice
Bloch</a>, whose work in Marxism and cognitive anthropology led him to emphasize
ideological dimensions of culture. Stafford begins on a materialistic note, showing
that Beicun is socially different from received ideas about “Chinese society”
because it is a fishing village with weak patrilineal institutions. He observes
that Chinese Nationalists have been on Taiwan only since the 1940s, and that clan
organization has less complexity and power there than on the Mainland (Stafford
1992: 369). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The originality of Stafford’s approach
is that he examines the cognitive worlds of individuals, especially conflicting
loyalties to state and family. He reveals the sentiments of Beicun people, who
were formerly Japanese and threatened by Allied bombings, but are now required
to study Sun Yat-sen’s nationalism and (men, at least) serve in a Chinese
military (the ROC). People perceive a certain opposition between village and
school, as “both the schools and the army are viewed with some scepticism as
institutions controlled by non-Taiwanese” (373). In the end, both nationalist
and kin-based ideologies “face a dilemma when confronted with women” (375).
Women, finally, have much more power than imagined by either nationalist or
patriarchal constructions of Chinese culture. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As Bloch wrote, “the constructed image
of a still, permanent order that spurns exchange, movement and, in this case,
women, is in the end self-defeating” (Bloch 1989: 163, cited in Stafford 1992:
375). Culture has long been tied to nationalism, which makes cultural anthropologists
seem complicit in nationalist ideologies that in any context are inevitably
about power and domination. Avoiding the intellectual strictures of this concept,
as do Bloch and Stafford, is certainly a good idea for anthropologists eager to
study structures of power in any society. Viewed from social anthropology, the
problem with culture is more epistemological than political. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Chiu, Fred Y.L.
1999. “Nationalist Anthropology in Taiwan 1945-1996: A Reflexive Survey” In Jan
van Bremen and Akitoshi Shimizu (ed). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anthropology
and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania</i>, pp. 93-112. London: RoutledgeCurzon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Clifford, James,
and George E. Marcus. 1986. <i>Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of
Ethnography</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Hong, Keelung.
1994. “Experiences of Being a ‘Native’: Observing Anthropology.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anthropology Today</i> 10 (3): 6-9.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Hong, Keelung
and Stephen O. Murray. 2005. <i>Looking through Taiwan: American
Anthropologists’ Collusion with Ethnic Domination</i>. Lincoln, NE: University
of Nebraska Press. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Murray, Stephen
O., and Keelung Hong. 1994. <i>Taiwanese Culture, Taiwanese Society: A Critical
Review of Social Science Research Done on Taiwan</i>. Lanham, MD: University
Press of America. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Radcliffe-Brown,
A.R. 1940. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“On Social Structure.” <i>Journal of the Royal
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i> 70 (1): 1-12. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Stafford, Charles. 1992. “Good Sons and Virtuous
Mothers: Kinship and Chinese Nationalism in Taiwan.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Man</i> 27 (2): 363-378. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-88624495422394085952014-02-01T08:47:00.000-08:002014-02-01T08:47:58.099-08:00Anthropological Critiques of the “Chinese Family Firm” on Taiwan (and What Happened Next)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezN0syW165HbiGru9tnmisYAE7zSoQF1uGFuy-Ac5XAmJez6HUpbqhBImMOBhL-7W7_2Ab_tk8_pHS-09GB_wcw6gE5nFHfvi8tapjTT_3wkWkZAl1fKYBoLbP41g9REUmI84zczlPc8s/s1600/home-factory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezN0syW165HbiGru9tnmisYAE7zSoQF1uGFuy-Ac5XAmJez6HUpbqhBImMOBhL-7W7_2Ab_tk8_pHS-09GB_wcw6gE5nFHfvi8tapjTT_3wkWkZAl1fKYBoLbP41g9REUmI84zczlPc8s/s1600/home-factory.jpg" height="210" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">In the 1970’s,
as Latin Americanists wielded <a href="http://www.uregina.ca/arts/sociology-social-studies/assets/docs/pdf/soc201/Frank%20Development.pdf">Dependency
Theory</a> to blame Northern imperialism for poverty in the South, Hill Gates
(1979) wrote an important essay about Taiwan’s development model. She argued
that, although Taiwan’s rapid industrialization seemed to disprove Dependency
Theory’s assumptions of underdevelopment, its economic structure actually
masked hidden costs and disguised exploitation in export-driven development.
Through Marxist class analysis, she concluded that the petty bourgeoisie
exploited itself by sending its youth to work temporarily in factories, a
dynamic that kept wages low and prevented the development of a working class
identity.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">A generation
later, as leftist scholars digested the implications of the end of Communism in
Europe, anthropologists borrowed post-structuralist analyses from Foucauldian “discourse”
and Said’s “Orientalism.” Susan Greenhalgh argued that Taiwan’s family firms resulted
from 1) a regime of export-oriented “flexible accumulation,” 2) a bi-ethnic
structure that restrained Native Taiwanese to business, and 3) an anti-big
business bias on the part of the government (Greenhalgh 1994: 751). She
concluded that this business model exploited mostly women and younger men. More
sanguine discourses (e.g. Harrell 1985), “inadvertently contributed their
expertise to a palpably conservative and anti-feminist
intellectual-cum-political project” (Greenhalgh 1994: 768).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Although both of
them note ethnic tensions and show awareness of the massacre of February 1947 (especially
Greenhalgh 1994: 766), neither seemed fully aware of the nationalist sentiments
that were already under the radar screen of political scientists (Mendel 1970)
and would soon dominate Taiwanese political life. Employing the Marxist idea of
false consciousness, Gates even argued that an “exaggerated” sense of ethnicity
“helps to obscure a perception of social class which could lead to class
consciousness and the taking of power by the masses” (Gates 1979: 388). Events
quickly by-passed the best of anthropological reflection. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Just a few
months after Gates’ article, pro-democracy activists <a href="http://www.taiwandc.org/kao-tapes.pdf">protested</a> in Kaohsiung and
were arrested, sparking a democracy movement and the eventual formation of the
Democratic Progressive Party. In December 1991, the Legislative Yuan and National
Assembly, still dominated by politicians elected in China in 1947, resigned,
with the first direct legislative elections in 1992. Greenhalgh thus published
her article at a watershed in Taiwanese history, noting in footnote 4 that
“Taiwan studies” was recently developing. For both Gates and Greenhalgh,
however, there was still little reason to doubt received wisdom that Taiwan simply
represented Chinese culture. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Gates seemed prescient
in her conclusion: “Before too much longer, <i>cultural involution in Taiwan</i>
and <i>social change in the People’s Republic</i> will have truly made them
separate nations” (Gates 1979: 405, emphasis added). By referring to <a href="http://books.google.ca/books/about/Agricultural_Involution.html?id=OYtphyz8pI0C&redir_esc=y">Geertz</a>’s
concept of involution, unproductive intensification in detail, she contrasted involution
of Chinese culture on Taiwan to presumably more positive “social change” on the
Mainland. Developments on both sides make these articles seem a bit dated, as <a href="http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/english/modules/tinyd2/content/TaiwanChineseID.htm">more
than half</a> of the Taiwanese say they are not Chinese, and the PRC now
embraces cultural nationalism rather than socialist internationalism. The
historical context has changed, but without these early critiques, we would not
have the Taiwan Studies of today. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gates, Hill. 1979.
“Dependency and the Part-time Proletariat in Taiwan.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Modern China</i> 5 (3): 381-408.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Greenhalgh, Susan.
1994. “De-Orientalizing the Chinese Family Firm.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Ethnologist</i> 21 (4): 746-775. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mendel, Douglas. 1970. <i>The Politics of Formosan Nationalism</i>.
Berkeley: University of California Press.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Image source: http://nestproject.wordpress.com/2011/08/27/home-made/ </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">A personal note</span></b><span lang="EN-US">: Both of these articles influenced my intellectual development
greatly. My research projects for two decades were originally inspired by
Greenhalgh’s sentence: “They also discouraged the discovery of subjugated
knowledges, including those of women, subordinate ethnic groups, and the
smallest and most vulnerable entrepreneurs, that might form the basis of a new
understanding of contemporary Taiwan economic life” (Greenhalgh 1994: 768). I
am thankful to both authors for the inspiration and encouragement they have
given me over the years. </span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-89138144489968368782014-01-25T07:59:00.002-08:002014-01-25T07:59:43.937-08:00Family and Religion : the Cornerstones of Taiwan Anthropology<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRkv2VxijRzDqHLbUHyBEjfboomxcINBbn1kEEnDp9RnVUJ1FkUOJTg46K-gLIhbZqxaKTwBl4AtJ3zUBryxHA8TQYHmoIT0tlnWjZomp_u5VrzwXEbOPauQLXzb4jLcBrs8VXQSszmLcQ/s1600/DSC02073.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRkv2VxijRzDqHLbUHyBEjfboomxcINBbn1kEEnDp9RnVUJ1FkUOJTg46K-gLIhbZqxaKTwBl4AtJ3zUBryxHA8TQYHmoIT0tlnWjZomp_u5VrzwXEbOPauQLXzb4jLcBrs8VXQSszmLcQ/s1600/DSC02073.JPG" height="400" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Postmodern Ghosts Drink at Starbucks! (Photo: Scott Simon) </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Foundational texts by Arthur Wolf (1974)
and Stevan Harrell (1985) hark back to the golden age of sinological
anthropology on Taiwan. According to the <i>Web of Science</i>, the oracle of value
for research, Harrell’s article has been cited a respectable 36 times, with a
peak of interest between 2009 and 2012. Wolf’s book, cited in over 600 journal
articles, is an undisputed classic. Subsequent scholars (e.g. Boretz 2010)
continue to pay homage to Wolf by incorporating the triad of gods, ghosts, and
what-not into the titles of their books and articles.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Harrell attempts to understand economics
in cultural terms, arguing that Chinese “rationality is <i>determined</i> in
terms of a particular kind of family-centered economic goal” (1985: 224,
emphasis added). This goal is an entrepreneurial ethic: “the investment of one’s
resources (land, labour, and/or capital) in a long-term quest to improve the
material well-being and security of some group to which one belongs and with
which one identifies” (1985: 216). As Harrell explains, this group is generally
the family and male descendents, which is why women seem not to share this ethic
until marriage and childbirth. A focus on family leads to a situation in which
neither managers nor workers function efficiently in large industry (1985:
222). <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htm">Francis
Fukuyama</a> has notably elaborated this idea, speculating that Chinese societies
are poor at building trust beyond family networks, thus possessing a cultural constraint
on development. From Harrell to Fukuyama, one gets the impression that economics
are somehow determined by cultural values. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wolf explains the kinship-religion
meshwork elegantly, showing how the patrilineal kinship system and the Chinese
imperial political system are reflected in Chinese religious beliefs. Gods reflect
imperial hierarchies, ancestors the deceased of one’s own family, and ghosts dangerous
outsiders. From an epidemiological perspective (Sperber 1996), this suggests
that the Chinese imperial system is especially contagious, as it continues to
propagate a century after the fall of the last dynasty. As for ghosts and
ancestors, this distinction originated in the violent frontier history of
Taiwan. In a society marked by war against the aborigines and even struggles
between Chinese from different village origins, people necessarily feared
strangers and depended upon kin for survival. Strangers became ghosts and family
members became ancestors (Wolf 1974: 174-175). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wolf makes a strong thesis statement: “The
most important point to be made about Chinese religion is that it mirrors the
social landscape of its adherents” (1974: 131). Change has happened. The imperial
system is long gone, and Taiwan has one of the lowest crime rates in the world.
Stove gods are rare in urban Taiwan, marriage practices no longer include such
practices as <i>sim-pua</i> (adopted girls who later become the wives of their
new brothers), and Taiwan is even contemplating <a href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Taipei-leading-the-way-among-Chinese-in-gay-marriage-29780.html">same-sex
marriage</a>. So, how can we explain the resilience of gods, ghosts and
ancestors in Taiwan’s colourful temples and festivals? How can we explain ghost
offerings at Starbucks and McDonald’s? Although much work remains to be done,
these classics laid the cornerstone for a new anthropology in construction. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8x0vlpfcnqFG_qGd5XIm0tmdZQkQArtGCBwjOc-NE8N34XO3N7O5gmK2bUkQCqHobV1iQkD7dAa1VQJUSpSokJ2E8ArABWhEtaKHlnY9rb_Z8nZfNa9xwfAaSP6__IUTbS2xfPFuz1T8u/s1600/DSC02071.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8x0vlpfcnqFG_qGd5XIm0tmdZQkQArtGCBwjOc-NE8N34XO3N7O5gmK2bUkQCqHobV1iQkD7dAa1VQJUSpSokJ2E8ArABWhEtaKHlnY9rb_Z8nZfNa9xwfAaSP6__IUTbS2xfPFuz1T8u/s1600/DSC02071.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Bigger Picture of Ghost Month (Photo: Scott Simon)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sperber, Dan. 1996. <i>La contagion des idées: théorie naturaliste de la
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wolf, Arthur.
1974. “Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors.” In Arthur Wolf (ed.).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Religion
and Ritual in Chinese Society</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp.
131-182.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-73489989817828327442014-01-19T09:28:00.000-08:002014-01-19T09:32:47.776-08:00Facing Down Time : Edmund Leach on Orchid Island<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Facing
Down Time : Edmund Leach on Orchid Island</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGL42qTQk1d0t0LZ84uD51lJe5UBlLo-bxY0Hf6dqS28dnf3lmOUCSQmHKPKnqLQ2BPGwD50Od9v8FRx5L1zLYv2dWpBnpAcF9G7XhMYljbinBQ6zjm8RYqFu6UcaUFF8gCAz7-EpDKfd/s1600/690px-Pink-wing_flying_fish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGL42qTQk1d0t0LZ84uD51lJe5UBlLo-bxY0Hf6dqS28dnf3lmOUCSQmHKPKnqLQ2BPGwD50Od9v8FRx5L1zLYv2dWpBnpAcF9G7XhMYljbinBQ6zjm8RYqFu6UcaUFF8gCAz7-EpDKfd/s1600/690px-Pink-wing_flying_fish.jpg" height="277" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sir
Edmund Leach (1910-1989), known for writing about egalitarian social
organization in highland Burma, began his anthropological musings on Botel
Tobago (now Orchid Island) in 1936-37 after aborting a business career in China.
He may have acquired his first ideas about egalitarian societies from the Yami.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Leach
described the island as “a test case of applied ethnology” (1937: 420), arguing
that the Japanese attempted to extend Yami culture (Taiwan’s most egalitarian
society), while modernizing their lives. Leach later reflected upon the Yami as
“primitive” Oceanic society. Trying to understand how humans become aware of time
and its measurability, he argued that calendars arise from a need to pre-arrange
festivals and undertakings. People must link seasonal and solar years, finding
mechanisms to adjust lunar and solar calendars, often with non-human assistance
(e.g. flying fish). This is apparently subconscious, as “this does not imply
that primitive peoples necessarily appreciate the existence of a solar year” (1950:
262). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Japanese
colonial surveys said little about time, except that headhunting followed the
millet harvest. Perhaps the Japanese assumed Taiwan’s “primitive” peoples were timeless
until colonial administrators introduced the Gregorian calendar. The Seediq have
words for year (<i>kawas</i>) and month (<i>idas</i>), but claim they had
neither calendars nor watches until the Japanese came. Indeed, they use
Japanese to express time of day, day of the week, and dates. It must have been
difficult for Leach to grasp, but perhaps naming specific dates was unimportant
in egalitarian societies without written words. Living close to the equator
with no major seasonal differences in length of day, moreover, Oceanic peoples had
few reasons to be concerned with the solar year. Besides, the fish seem to keep
track of seasons well enough. People just have to follow the fish. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maurice
Bloch identified two kinds of time: 1) cognitive understanding derived from
interactions in the world; and 2) ideological representations of ritual cycles
and unchanging order. Since the latter tended to serve ritual specialists and
hierarchical order, they were absent in egalitarian societies (Bloch 1985). Complex
calendars required writing to keep everyone literally on the same page. And in
colonial situations, people combine different calendars in creative ways (Huang
2004). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">All creatures
experience cognitive time, time lived in a process of simply being in the
world. It is intrinsically based on relations between species. The Yami thus
calculate seasons upon the arrival of flying fish, the Wogeo adjust theirs to
the palolo worm, and the Runa of Ecuador await “ant season” every year (Kohn
2013: 79). Canadians rejoice in spring at the return of the geese and the
flowing of maple sap. The living world lives cognitive time by thinking it
together. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">If calendars correlate
with political systems, it is best not to judge societies by what they lacked,
but rather by what they had. These were neither stateless societies nor
timeless societies, but rather societies without states and without calendars. The
Yami, like us, are becoming more attuned to industrial ideology, marching along
to the ticking of clocks, calendars, and smartphones. Perhaps we lose something
if we move away from the interspecies relations that form the web of cognitive
time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">See: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-pqN0Pv4TM">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-pqN0Pv4TM</a>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Image source: Wikipedia (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink-wing_flying_fish.jpg">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink-wing_flying_fish.jpg</a>).
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">References</span></b><span lang="EN-US">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span class="cit-name-surname"><span lang="EN-US">Bloch, Maurice. </span></span><span class="cit-pub-date"><span lang="EN-US">1985. “</span></span><span class="cit-source"><span lang="EN-US">From Cognition to Ideology.” In </span></span><span class="cit-name-surname"><span lang="EN-US">Richard Fardon</span></span><cite><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (ed.). </span></cite><span class="cit-source"><i><span lang="EN-US">Power and Knowledge: Anthropological and Sociological Approaches</span></i></span><cite><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span></cite><cite><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">pp. </span></cite><span class="cit-fpage"><span lang="EN-US">21</span></span><cite><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-</span></cite><span class="cit-lpage"><span lang="EN-US">48</span></span><cite><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span></cite><span class="cit-publ-loc"><span lang="EN-US">Edinburgh:</span></span><cite><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></cite><span class="cit-publ-name"><span lang="EN-US">Scottish
Academic Press</span></span><cite><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></cite></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Huang, Shiun-wey. 2004. “’Times’ and Images of Others in
an Amis Village, Taiwan.” <i>Time & Society</i> 13 (2/3): 321-337. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kohn, Eduardo. 2013. <i>How Forests Think: Toward an
Anthropology beyond the Human</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Leach, Edmund. 1937. “The Yami of Koto-sho: a Japanese Colonial
Experiment.” <i>Geographical Magazine</i> 5: 417-434. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">______. 1950. “Primitive Calendars.” <i>Oceania</i> 20
(4): 245-262. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-54893102380365066322014-01-11T07:13:00.000-08:002014-01-11T07:13:34.352-08:00Liminality: Using Anthropology to Understand Taiwan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-CA">Stéphane
Corcuff, one of the world’s most prominent Taiwan Studies scholars, has long
been interested in applying anthropological concepts to political science. In </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/countries/taiwan/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP4Corcuff.pdf"><span lang="EN-CA">his recent essay</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA"> (Corcuff 2012), he reinterprets the
familiar concept of “liminality” as an alternative to “marginality.” As Corcuff
notes, he adds a spatial dimension to the concept. Corcuff thus remains close
to the word’s Latin root <i>limen, </i>meaning
“threshold or margin.” <span> </span>Interestingly,
Corcuff refers to Taiwan as “a threshold of China” (2012: 62). </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-CA">The concept,
however, is very loaded due to its history in anthropology. Arthur Van Gennep crafted
the concept in his 1909 book on rites of passage. In ceremonies related to
marriages, funerals, or transition from one age-set to another, people go
through preliminal rites of separation, liminal rites of transition, and
postliminal rites of incorporation (Van Gennep 1960: 11). Victor Turner elaborated
liminality into “betwixt and between” states of ritual, most elaborate in
initiation rites. Paraphrasing one of Turner’s </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~ereserve/010010095-1.pdf"><span lang="EN-CA">key articles</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA"> (Turner 1964), liminal persons are structurally
“invisible,” neither boys nor men, neither living nor dead. In some societies, initiates
might even be treated like corpses. Borrowing from Mary Douglas, Turner showed
that liminal bodies were often perceived as polluted. A further characteristic
of liminal beings is that they <i>have</i>
nothing. Liminal people experience complete submission in relation to authority
and complete equality in relation to each other. Liminality can be a period of
reflection, an encounter with the sacred, endowing people with capacity to adopt
new social roles.<span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-CA">Corcuff
does not attribute all of these characteristics to Taiwan. As a political
scientist, he may be concerned that Taiwan is often invisible in International
Relations discourse – where scholars often assume the island’s fate will be
decided by Beijing and Washington and ignore the perspectives of the country’s
23 million people. Many scholars fail to see that the Republic of China on
Taiwan is an independent, sovereign state; but this means it is the ROC and not
Taiwan that is invisible. Corcuff probably is not suggesting that Taiwan is
polluted, or in a special relationship with the sacred. Indeed, Corcuff is most
concerned about discourse, and hopes that the word “liminal” can somehow
restore to Taiwan the “power of words” (Corcuff 2012: 55). </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-CA">For anthropologists,
the main issue is that “liminality” evokes a transition from one state to
another, an argument that Corcuff cannot make without falling into teleological
speculation. Is Taiwan in transition from the “Republic of China” to the
“People’s Republic of China,” or from “dependence” (another concept explored in
the same article) to “independence”? Due to the original meaning of the concept,
Corcuff’s description of Taiwan’s liminality as cultural or geographical
proximity to China remains somewhat unsatisfactory as anthropological
analysis.<span> </span>Perhaps borderlands, defined
as “</span><span lang="EN-US">an interstitial
zone of displacement and deterritorialization that shapes the identity of the
hybridized subject” (Gupta and Ferguson 1992: 18) would have been more
appropriate. Corcuff has done an excellent job of showing how Taiwan is
culturally and historically so complex that it cannot be accurately reduced to
the avatar of some trans-historical “China.”<span>
</span>He is less convincing in his use of one anthropological concept, but
this inherent pitfall of interdisciplinary research detracts only barely from his
main argument. </span><span lang="EN-CA"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-CA">References</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-CA">Corcuff,
Stéphane. 2012. “The Liminality of Taiwan: A Case-Study in Geopolitics.” <i>Taiwan in Comparative Perspective</i> 4:
34-64. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-CA">Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson.
1992. “Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, Identity and the Politics of Difference.” <i>Cultural Anthropology</i> 7 (1): 6-23. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-CA">Turner,
Victor W. 1964. “Betwixt and Between: the Liminal Period in Rites de
Passage.”<span> </span>Internet resource: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~ereserve/010010095-1.pdf"><span lang="EN-CA">http://www2.fiu.edu/~ereserve/010010095-1.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA">, last accessed January 10, 2014. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-CA">Van Gennup, Arnold.
1960 [1909]. <i>The Rites of Passage: A
Classical Study of Cultural Celebrations</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.</span></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07458761633220770634noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7176225033245856463.post-20719105504539714702014-01-07T12:20:00.001-08:002014-01-10T13:22:00.148-08:00The Meaning of Tadao Kano to the Anthropology of Taiwan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit;">This semester at the University of Ottawa, I am teaching a course ANT4105 Anthropology of Taiwan. We began the class with a documentary <a href="http://www.tiprc.org.tw/blog/post/1/406">film </a>about <a href="http://culture.teldap.tw/culture/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2261:just-forgetting-to-go-hometadao-kano-a-naturalist-who-stayed-in-the-southern-lands-forever&catid=156:lives-and-cultures">Tadao Kano</a>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">A precursor to the anthropology of Taiwan, he attended high school in Taiwan, where he began his studies of Taiwanese insects as a high school student. He frequently skipped classes, as he was drawn to the high mountains and their indigenous inhabitants, but his free-thinking school principle decided that he learned more on his own than he would have from books, and let him graduate. He eventually got a Ph.D., making important research contributions not only to anthropology, but also to biology, geography, and geology. Kano’s research collections are now on display at the <a href="http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/english/">National Museum of Ethnography</a> in Osaka, which is beyond a doubt one of the best anthropological research institutions in the world. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thinking about Kano’s work reveals a number of things about anthropology, and about Taiwan. First of all, it shows how anthropology as a discipline evolved out of the naturalism of the colonial period. Kano had relatively free access to Taiwan, its mountains, and its indigenous peoples because he was Japanese, and Taiwan was a Japanese colony from 1895 to 1945. He attended elite schools, so the mountain police tolerated his excursions into restricted areas that needed special permits for entry. His language skills and his propensity to adopt native ways made him accepted into indigenous communities where few outsiders had ever been welcomed before. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kano was certainly no colonial administrator, and even had his differences with the Japanese state at the time. For example, he published his book on the Yami people of Orchid Island in English – during World War II when such an action risked having him suspected of sympathy with the wartime enemy. But he wanted the entire world to know about Taiwan and its indigenous peoples. The Japanese military responded by sending him on a wartime mission to Borneo, where he disappeared at the age of 38. His wife said that he probably took up life with the forest peoples and forgot to return home. So, Kano’s anthropology was enabled by the fact that Taiwan was a part of Japan at the time. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Second, colonialism created a certain way of thinking about the world, including ways of classifying the peoples, plants, and animals of the colonies. This context led Japanese anthropologists and others to think of Taiwan, or Formosa, as an entry into Oceania. Anthropologists at the time studied the indigenous peoples of Taiwan as representatives of the Malayan or Malay-Polynesian world. In a way, this discourse opened up Japan’s southward expansion. It certainly provided some ideological justification, as it showed the Japanese as the modernizers, making local peoples and natural phenomena into objects to be counted, measured, and codified. Japan brought colonial governmentality to Taiwan for the first time in the island’s history. Kano was not “guilty” of colonizing Taiwan, but he was able to follow his intellectual interests, and get funding from Tokyo, because this social context valorized his work. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The disciplinary boundaries were not so rigid in those days, which is why Kano could let his imagination run free, studying people along with clouds, glaciers, rocks, mammals, and insects. He loved Taiwan, its mountains, and its people. The colonial context aside, he points the way towards a living anthropology, an anthropology that affirms life in all its diversity and embracing its affinities with related fields such as biology. Kano remains an inspiration for researchers in the 21<sup>st</sup> century. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Throughout the semester, students and I will be blogging about our readings and our thoughts on the Anthropology of Taiwan. Stay tuned for more! </span><br />
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